Společnost Airbus
Historie a začátky
Airbus Industrie bylo původně konsorcium evropských leteckých firem, které chtěly konkurovat velkým americkým společnostem jako Boeing a McDonnell Douglas. V 60. letech si evropští výrobci letadel konkurovali nejen s americkými giganty, ale i mezi sebou. V polovině 60. let začala první váhavá jednání o spojení evropských kapacit při vývoji, výrobě a prodeji dopravních letounů.
V září 1967 britská, francouzská a německá vláda podepsaly Memorandum o porozumění a mohl začít vývoj 300místného Airbusu A300. Byl to druhý velký společný letecký projekt v Evropě, po Concordu, pro který nebylo založeno žádné trvalé konsorcium. První oznámení o projektu byla učiněna v červenci 1967, ale situaci zkomplikovala společnost British Aircraft Corporation (BAC), která chtěla sama vyvinout podobný letoun založený na již existujícím BAC 3-11. Britská vláda se ale odmítla postavit za vývoj BAC 3-11 a místo něj podpořila Airbus. V měsících, které následovaly po uzavření dohody, jak francouzská, tak britská vláda vyjadřovaly své pochybnosti o budoucnosti celého projektu. Dalším problémem, jenž se vyskytl, byla nutnost vývoje nového motoru společností Rolls Royce, RB207. V prosinci 1968 partnerské společnosti z Francie a Británie, Sud Aviation a Hawker Siddeley, navrhly pozměnit konfiguraci letounu na 250místný Airbus A250. Letoun, vzápětí přejmenovaný na A300B, nevyžadoval nové motory, což významně snížilo náklady na vývoj.
V roce 1969 britská vláda šokovala své partnery odstoupením od projektu. Vzhledem k dosavadní plodné účasti firmy Hawker Siddeley se Francie a Německo zdráhaly převzít její vývoj křídla letounu. Proto se mohla britská společnost dále účastnit jako hlavní subdodavatel. V roce 1978 se Británie znovu připojila ke konsorciu, když British Aerospace (vzniklá spojením Hawker Siddeley a BAC) odkoupila 20% podíl v Airbusu.
Airbus Industrie byl formálně založen v roce 1970 po podepsání dohody mezi francouzskou Aerospatiale a německou Deutsche Aerospace.Každý z účastníků měl dodávat „svou“ část letounu plně vybavenou (připravenou ke konečné montáži bez jakýchkoliv dalších úprav). Název „Airbus“ byl zvolen podle výrazu, kterým se v leteckém průmyslu v 60. letech označovala civilní letadla dané velikosti a doletu a navíc byl pro Francii přijatelný z lingvistického hlediska.
V roce 1972 provedlo své nové letadlo A300 svůj první vzlet a v roce 1974 byl dodán první sériový model A300B2 (vstoupil do služby u Air France). Zpočátku byl úspěch Airbusu velmi malý, ale roku 1979 už oblohu křižovalo 81 letounů z produkce evropského konsorcia. Byl to však až vzlet modelu A320v roce 1981, který zajistil Airbusu místo jednoho z hlavních hráčů na trhu civilních letadel. A320 měl více než 400 objednávek, ještě než poprvé vzlétl (u A300 to bylo 15 objednaných kusů v roce 1972).
Airbus byl poměrně volnou aliancí nezávislých výrobců až do roku 2000, kdy se DASA, Aerospatiale a CASA sloučily do EADS a do roku 2001, kdy BAE Systems (dříve British Aerospace) a EADS zformovaly Airbus Integrated Company, což se časově shodovalo s vývojem nového Airbusu A380. Ten dokáže pojmout 555 cestujících a je největším civilním dopravním letadlem na světě.
Výroba
Prvním výrobkem Airbusu byl typ A300, první letoun na světě s dvěma uličkami a dvěma motory. Kratší varianta A300 je známá jako A310. Po úspěchu svých prvních typů představit Airbus typ A320 s inovativním systémem řízení fly-by-wire (tj. z kokpitu se přenášejí pouze elektrické signály k servomotorům). A320 byl velkým komerčním úspěchem. A318 a A319 jsou kratší verze A320, přičemž A319 je dodáván také v úpravě pro podnikovou sféru jako biz-jet A321 je prodloužená verze A320 a je přímým konkurentem nejnovějších modelů Boeingu 737.
Mezi letadla s dlouhým doletem se řadí další dva typy Airbusu, dvoumotorový A330 a čtyřmotorový A340. Oba mají moderní design křídel s wingletami. Airbus A340-500 má operační dolet 16 700 kilometrů (9 000 námořních mil), druhý nejdelší u civilních letadel (dolet 17 446 km neboli 9 420 námořních mil). Tyto typy si tvrdě konkurují s podobnými výrobky Boeingu a mohou být zčásti odpovědné za zastavení výroby civilních letadel u Lockheedu v roce 1983 a převzetí firmy McDonnell Douglas dnes jediným americkým výrobcem civilních dopravních letadel s dlouhým doletem Boeingem v letech 1996-1997. Společnost Airbus je obzvláště hrdá na své technologie fly-by-wire a na použití společného kokpitu v různých typech letadel, což zjednodušuje výcvik jejich posádek.
Airbus se angažuje i ve vojenské výrobě, když v lednu 1999 založil samostatnou společnost, Airbus Millitary S.A.S, která se zabývá vývojem a výrobou turbovrtulového vojenského transportního letadla. Vstup na trh s vojenskými letadly sníží, ale úplně neodstraní, zranitelnost Airbusu cyklickými poklesy na trhu civilních letadel.
> Vlastníky společnosti Airbus jsou EADS (80%) a BAE Systems (20%), dvě největší evropské zbrojařské společnosti. Airbus zaměstnává kolem 50 000 lidí ve čtyřech evropských zemích: ve Francii, Německu, Velké británii a Španělsku Konečná montáž se provádí v Toulouse a hamburku. Hlavním (a v podstatě jediným) konkurentem Airbusu je Boeing, se kterým Airbus vede intenzivní obchodní a politickou válku.
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The science of state of mind has revolutionized instruction. Decades of study have shown that when students believe they are able to get smarter with exertion, they operate harder and achieve much more. However it isn’t always that straightforward.
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Amongst the greatest blunders academics and fogeys may make With regards to producing pupils and kids who are excellent learners will be to Restrict learning for the classroom.
But what does this all indicate for grades, Most likely the obvious extrinsic motivator for university learners? Both of those Guay and McGeown say there really should be significantly less concentrate on grades plus much more on the effort it took throughout the process itself. But some academics want to go even more.
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These 17 Motivation and Target Achievement Exercise routines have been made for specialists to assist Other people transform their goals into reality by applying the most up-to-date science-based behavioral adjust techniques.
curriculum is one of the best means to teach and instill in pupils constructive behaviors. Favourable motion curriculum really should educate pupils:
Video game-primarily based learning can also be an effective motivation for workforce-dependent learning – that may be especially valuable for kids in a classroom setting. Learners ordinarily check out more durable at online games than they are doing in programs.
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